Map of cities in mesopotamia - Map showing the extent of Mesopotamia. The geography of Mesopotamia, encompassing its ethnology and history, centered on the two great rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates.

 
Other ancient cities in Mesopotamia, such as Uruk, also date back to around that time. Additionally, other sites outside of Mesopotamia, such as Catalhoyuk (located in Turkey) and Jericho (located .... Faint line on dollar store pregnancy test

6 days ago · Text above: Wikipedia. Uruk was an ancient city in Mesopotamia, located in modern-day Iraq. It was one of the most important cities in ancient Sumer and is considered one of the earliest cities in the world. Uruk was first settled around 4 500 BC and became a major center of trade and culture by around 3 000 BC. The Sumerians and Mesopotamia. The ancient Sumerians, the "black-headed ones," lived in the southern part of what is now Iraq. The heartland of Sumer lay between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, in what the Greeks later called Mesopotamia. This territory, once skillfully irrigated, proved very fertile, and major cities had long been in ...The ancient city of Ashur (Assur) was located on the west bank of the river Tigris in northern Mesopotamia.Although it had controlled an extensive trading network in the early second millennium B.C. and formed a core area of the empire of Shamshi-Adad I (r. 1813–1781 B.C.), the city had slipped into the shadows in the following centuries.Mesopotamia is thought to be one of the places where early civilization developed. It is a historic region of West Asia within the Tigris-Euphrates river system. In fact, the word Mesopotamia means "between rivers" in Greek. Home to the ancient civilizations of Sumer, Assyria, and Babylonia these peoples are credited with influencing mathematics and astronomy. Use these classroom resources to ...Urbanization is the process by which rural communities grow to form cities, or urban centers, and, by extension, the growth and expansion of those cities.Urbanization began in ancient Mesopotamia in the Uruk Period (4300-3100 BCE) for reasons scholars have not yet agreed on. It is speculated, however, that a particularly prosperous and …Ur (/ ʊər / oor; Sumerian: 𒌶𒆠, 𒋀𒀕𒆠, or 𒋀𒀊𒆠 Urim; Akkadian: 𒋀𒀕𒆠 Uru; Arabic: أُوْر, romanized: ʾūr; Hebrew: אוּר ‎, romanized: ʾūr) was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia, located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar (Arabic: تل ٱلْمُقَيَّر) in south Iraq's Dhi Qar Governorate.Ancient Middle East & Mesopotamia. Map 1.1 "The Ancient Near East, 4000-1000 B.C.E." c. 8500 - 8000. BCE. " [D]omestication of wild plants and animals was accomplished in Mesopotamia around 8500 B.C.E., well before any other nascent civilization" ("Mesopotamia: The Formation of Cities and the Earliest Literatures"; emphasis added).Mesopotamia was an ancient region situated in southwestern Asia, between the Tigris River and the Euphrates River. Geographically, the region was mainly found in present-day Iraq and Syria. Ancient Mesopotamia is widely regarded as the place where the early ancient civilizations and cities sprang up. The double river system is believed …17th century map featuring Mesopotamia and the Tower of Babel. In Upper Mesopotamia, the rainfall was reliable enough that farmers didn’t have to do much …Mesopotamia, these are best known through the Ubaid and Uruk periods and their associ-ated material cultural styles. Most of what we know about the origins of towns in the Ubaid period, and the origins of cities in the Uruk period, derives from excavations in southern Mesopotamia, the land of Sumer, at sites such as Eridu, Ur, and Uruk/Warka.The short-chronology dates of 2270–2083 BC are now considered less likely. It was preceded by the Early Dynastic Period of Mesopotamia. Akkadian empire map Photo map of the ancient Akkadian Empire with labeled cities such as Akkad, Uruk, and Sippar, highlighting the territory it encompassed in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and …Mesopotamia—“the land between two rivers”—gave birth to many of the world’s first great cities. The splendid city of Babylon, located between the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris ...Discuss the political history of Mesopotamia from the early Sumerian city-states to the rise of Old Babylon. Describe the economy, society, and religion of Ancient Mesopotamia. In the fourth millennium BCE, the world’s first great cities arose in southern Mesopotamia, or the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, then called Sumer. 3400 BCE. Priests become the rulers of Mesopotamian cities . c. 3000 BCE - c. 2900 BCE. Mari, the earliest known planned city, is built near the eastern bank of the Euphrates. 2900 BCE - 2334 BCE. The Early Dynastic Period in Sumer . 2500 BCE. First Dynasty of Lagash under King Eannutum is first empire in Mesopotamia . c. 2400 BCE. Mesopotamia is thought to be one of the places where early civilization developed. It is a historic region of West Asia within the Tigris-Euphrates river system. In fact, the word Mesopotamia means "between rivers" in Greek. Home to the ancient civilizations of Sumer, Assyria, and Babylonia these peoples are credited with influencing mathematics and …The main cities of ancient Mesopotamia are shown in the map above Many Mesopotamian cities would be located areas where natural resources were abundant. An example of such a city placement would be Uruk one of the first cities in Mesopotamia, it is located with nearby rivers and has fertile soil as well as well as animal nearby to hunt from.We are a non-profit organization publishing the world's most-read history encyclopedia.Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. We are always looking for volunteers who wish to …Mari was a city-state located near the west bank of the Euphrates River in Northern Mesopotamia (now eastern Syria) during the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age. One of the earliest known planned cities, Mari is believed to have been founded as a trade hub, and copper and bronze-smelting centre, between Babylonia in …t. e. The history of ancient Israel and Judah spans from the early appearance of the Israelites in Canaan 's hill country during the late second millenium BCE, to the establishment and subsequent downfall of the two Israelite kingdoms in the mid-first millenium BCE. This history unfolds within the Southern Levant during the Iron Age.Assyria, kingdom of northern Mesopotamia that became the centre of one of the great empires of the ancient Middle East. It was located in what is now northern Iraq and southeastern Turkey. A brief treatment of Assyria follows. For full treatment, see Mesopotamia, history of: The Rise of Assyria. Assyria was a dependency of Babylonia and later ...A 15th century copy of Ptolemy 's fourth Asian map, depicting the area known as the Fertile Crescent. The Fertile Crescent ( Arabic: الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western ...Mesopotamian inventions include many items taken for granted today, most of which were created during the Early Dynastic Period (2900-2334 BCE) or developed from achievements of the Uruk Period (4100-2900 BCE). The Sumerians are credited with the earliest inventions, which were further developed in the Akkadian Period (2334-2218 BCE) and then ...The earliest writing systems evolved independently and at roughly the same time in Egypt and Mesopotamia, but current scholarship suggests that Mesopotamia’s writing appeared first. That writing system, invented by …Sep 22, 2021 ... Map of Mesopotamia. 1.1K views · 2 years ago ... Ancient Mesopotamia Geography World History by ... 8. The Sumerians - Fall of the First Cities. In northern Mesopotamia cities appeared at places like Mari and Assur, and other cities appeared in Elam, Syria and eastern Turkey. The people of these cities were influenced to a great extent by Sumerian art and architecture; colonies of Sumerian merchants were established in some centers, though more local influences were also apparent. A 15th century copy of Ptolemy 's fourth Asian map, depicting the area known as the Fertile Crescent. The Fertile Crescent ( Arabic: الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western ...Таис Гило (Public Domain) Eridu (present day Abu Shahrein, Iraq) was considered the first city in the world by the ancient Sumerians and is among the most ancient of the ruins from Mesopotamia. Founded in c. 5400 BCE, Eridu was thought to have been created by the gods who established order upon the earth with Eridu as the starting point. During ancient times, lands that now constitute Iraq were known as Mesopotamia (“Land Between the Rivers”), a region whose extensive alluvial plains gave rise to some of the world’s earliest civilizations, including those of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria. Asia Summary. Asia, the world’s largest and most diverse continent. Civilization is defined as the presence of cities, and Mesopotamians were the first peoples to develop settlements large enough to be considered cities. This civilization formed over 5,000 years ...The earliest cities in history were in the ancient Near East, an area covering roughly that of the modern Middle East: ... Lower Mesopotamia Map of Mesopotamian cities in modern-day Iraq, Syria and Iran. Map of Mesopotamia. … In northern Mesopotamia cities appeared at places like Mari and Assur, and other cities appeared in Elam, Syria and eastern Turkey. The people of these cities were influenced to a great extent by Sumerian art and architecture; colonies of Sumerian merchants were established in some centers, though more local influences were also apparent. Ancient history. Babylonia ( / ˌbæbɪˈloʊniə /; Akkadian: 𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠, māt Akkadī) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran ). It emerged as an Akkadian populated but Amorite -ruled state c. 1894 BC.Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia news. Map depicting the Mesopotamian Theater of World War I including cities, topography, and existing. Map of the Month: January 2022.Explain the function of a ziggurat in a Sumerian city-state. 4a. What is cuneiform? b. Write the symbol for Bird, Cow, and Water ... Explore the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia on Google My Maps. You can zoom in and out, view satellite images, and learn about the historical and cultural landmarks of this region. Mesopotamia ... Jan 19, 2016 · Mari was a city-state located near the west bank of the Euphrates River in Northern Mesopotamia (now eastern Syria) during the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age. One of the earliest known planned cities, Mari is believed to have been founded as a trade hub, and copper and bronze-smelting centre, between Babylonia in Southern ... Are you planning a road trip or an adventure to a new city? Having a reliable map can be incredibly useful for navigating unfamiliar territory. The first step in finding printable ...Israel. Iran. Turkey. Syria. Egypt. Fertile Crescent, the region where the first settled agricultural communities of the Middle East and Mediterranean basin are thought to have originated by the early 9th millennium bce. The term was popularized by the American Orientalist James Henry Breasted.During ancient times, lands that now constitute Iraq were known as Mesopotamia (“Land Between the Rivers”), a region whose extensive alluvial plains gave rise to some of the world’s earliest civilizations, including those of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria. Asia Summary. Asia, the world’s largest and most diverse continent.Decades of research have established that northern Mesopotamia underwent an indigenous development of urbanisation that paralleled the emergence of cities in southern Mesopotamia such as Uruk ...New York City is a vast metropolis with endless possibilities for exploration. Whether you’re a seasoned New Yorker or a first-time visitor, having access to accurate maps of NY ca...A Ziggurat is a form of monumental architecture originating in ancient Mesopotamia which usually had a rectangular base and was built in a series of steps up to a flat platform upon which a temple was raised. The ziggurat was an artificial mountain raised for the worship of the gods to elevate the priests toward heaven. The people of … Map showing the extent of Mesopotamia. The history of Mesopotamia ranges from the earliest human occupation in the Paleolithic period up to Late antiquity.This history is pieced together from evidence retrieved from archaeological excavations and, after the introduction of writing in the late 4th millennium BC, an increasing amount of historical sources. In Mesopotamia, early cities may have faltered before climate-driven collapse. Surveys of archaeological sites such as this one, in northern Syria, reveal regional population trends. Image credit: Andrea Ricci. Some of the earliest cities, now buried in the soil of Syria, Iraq, Turkey, and Lebanon, are thought to have collapsed because of rapid ...Label the cities of Ur, Uruk, Ashur, and Babylon. When you have finished your map, answer the questions on the second page. Student Activity Page.Other ancient cities in Mesopotamia, such as Uruk, also date back to around that time. Additionally, other sites outside of Mesopotamia, such as Catalhoyuk (located in Turkey) and Jericho (located ...Writing and City Life Important Extra Questions Long Answer Type. Question 1. Narrate the important characteristics of Mesopotamia civilization and explain how archaeologists could explain so many things about the cities, the culture, society, and family traits of that period. Answer: The important characteristics of …Mari was a city-state located near the west bank of the Euphrates River in Northern Mesopotamia (now eastern Syria) during the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age. One of the earliest known planned cities, Mari is believed to have been founded as a trade hub, and copper and bronze-smelting centre, between Babylonia in …If you’re planning a road trip, calculating the driving time between two cities can be helpful in mapping out your day and your route. Here are some ways to help you figure out the...Mesopotamia is thought to be one of the places where early civilization developed. It is a historic region of West Asia within the Tigris-Euphrates river system. In fact, the word Mesopotamia means "between rivers" in Greek. Home to the ancient civilizations of Sumer, Assyria, and Babylonia these peoples are credited with influencing mathematics and astronomy. Use these classroom resources to ...Map. Bibliography. Anglim, S. Fighting Techniques of the Ancient World, 3000 BCE-500 CE. Amber Books, 2013. Bertman, S. Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Oxford University Press, 2005. Durant, W. ... Nineveh was a significant city in Mesopotamia between c. 3000-612 BCE. It is referenced in the Bible as a site of sin …Mar 8, 2024 · Ur, important city of ancient southern Mesopotamia ( Sumer ), situated about 140 miles (225 km) southeast of the site of Babylon and about 10 miles (16 km) west of the present bed of the Euphrates River. In antiquity the river ran much closer to the city; the change in its course has left the ruins in a desert that once was irrigated and ... The first city known by archaeologists to exist in Mesopotamia was Eridu. According to the Biblical account, the first Mesopotamian city was built by Cain’s descendents. The city may therefore have been called Eridu after Enoch’s son Irad (see Genesis 4:18) (see 4 on Map 35). In Sumerian, it was known as ‘Nun-ki’ meaning ‘the …Mesopotamia, “the land between rivers,” (modern day Iraq) is the birthplace of the earliest civilizations on the planet. For millennia, the great ancient Mesopotamian civilizations each had their time to flourish and leave their mark on history. First, in the fourth millennium B.C.E., it was the non-Semitic Sumerians, who built Uruk, one of ...Thenceforward Syria sank to the level of a province of the caliphate, first Abbasside (750-1258), then Fatimite (1258-1517), and finally Ottoman. MESOPOTAMIA, a district called also Asshur and in great degree bounded by the two great rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris. See Map No. 1.History of Mesopotamia is an article that explores the origins, achievements, and legacy of one of the world's oldest civilizations. Learn how Mesopotamia shaped the history and culture of the Middle East and beyond, from the invention of writing and law to the rise and fall of empires. Discover the rich heritage of the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and compare it with other ...Babylon is the most famous city from ancient Mesopotamia whose ruins lie in modern-day Iraq 59 miles (94 km) southwest of Baghdad. The name is derived from bav-il or bav-ilim, which in Akkadian meant "Gate of God " (or "Gate of the Gods"), given as Babylon in Greek. In its time, it was a great cultural and religious center.History of Mesopotamia - Ancient Cities, Sumerians, Tigris-Euphrates: The Late Neolithic Period and the Chalcolithic Period. Between about 10,000 bce and the genesis of large …Check out our mesopotamia map selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our prints shops.Map of the fertile crescent of Mesopotamia and Egypt and location of first towns. Dorling Kindersley / Getty Images. Mesopotamia is the ancient Greek label for the eastern half of the region known as the …What is happening in Iraq in 1500BCE. Over the , kingdoms and empires have come and gone in Mesopotamia. The in world history appeared briefly under the fierce Sargon and his descendants (c. 2334 to 2218 BCE), and the (2112 to 2004 BCE) followed. The civilization of Ancient Mesopotamia entered a new phase with the reign of , king of …The Sumerians and Mesopotamia. The ancient Sumerians, the "black-headed ones," lived in the southern part of what is now Iraq. The heartland of Sumer lay between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, in what the Greeks later called Mesopotamia. This territory, once skillfully irrigated, proved very fertile, and major cities had long been in ...A 15th century copy of Ptolemy 's fourth Asian map, depicting the area known as the Fertile Crescent. The Fertile Crescent ( Arabic: الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western ...The Sumerians were the people of southern Mesopotamia whose civilization flourished between c. 4100-1750 BCE. Their name comes from the region which is frequently – and incorrectly – referred to as a “country”. Sumer was never a cohesive political entity, however, but a region of city-states each with its own king.. Sumer was …The ancient city of Ashur (Assur) was located on the west bank of the river Tigris in northern Mesopotamia.Although it had controlled an extensive trading network in the early second millennium B.C. and formed a core area of the empire of Shamshi-Adad I (r. 1813–1781 B.C.), the city had slipped into the shadows in the following centuries.17th century map featuring Mesopotamia and the Tower of Babel. In Upper Mesopotamia, the rainfall was reliable enough that farmers didn’t have to do much …Maps of the Middle East, BCE: Mesopotamia. (c ... Cities of the Ancient Middle East · City of Babylon ... Mesopotamia to 2500 BCE · Palaestina · The Persian Em...The Early Dynastic Period of Mesopotamia is the modern-day archaeological term for the era in Mesopotamian history – 2900-2334 BCE – during which some of the most significant cultural advances were made including the rise of the cities, the development of writing, and the establishment of governments.. This era was preceded by the Uruk … Explore the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia on Google My Maps. You can zoom in and out, view satellite images, and learn about the historical and cultural landmarks of this region. Mesopotamia ... The First City . The first cities which fit both Chandler's and Wirth's definitions of a `city' (and, also the early work of the archaeologist Childe) developed in the region known as Mesopotamia between 4500 and 3100 BCE. The city of Uruk, today considered the oldest in the world, was first settled in c. 4500 BCE and walled cities, for defence, …History of Mesopotamia - Ancient Cities, Sumerians, Tigris-Euphrates: The Late Neolithic Period and the Chalcolithic Period. Between about 10,000 bce and the genesis of large …The Era of Decline. Beginning around 1800 BCE, the centuries of trade between the Indus valley and Mesopotamia came to an end. Over the next four centuries, the cities of the Indus River valley were slowly depopulated, and the civilization declined, likely in stages. Why and how this decline occurred remains unknown.People have lived in cities ever since the first ones were established in Mesopotamia. Another part of modern life that began in Mesopotamia is the concept of skilled professions. Instead of everyone working to meet the basic needs of food and shelter for a small group, people began to have specialized jobs.Sep 22, 2021 ... Map of Mesopotamia. 1.1K views · 2 years ago ... Ancient Mesopotamia Geography World History by ... 8. The Sumerians - Fall of the First Cities.Ur Summary. Ur, important city of ancient southern Mesopotamia (Sumer), situated about 140 miles (225 km) southeast of the site of Babylon and about 10 miles (16 km) west of …The map of ancient Mesopotamia is dotted with cities along the southern parts. It was here the Sumerians established their sophisticated and advanced civilization around 3000 B.C. The great prophet Ezekiel is …Mesopotamia was an ancient region situated in southwestern Asia, between the Tigris River and the Euphrates River. Geographically, the region was mainly found in present-day Iraq and Syria. Ancient Mesopotamia is widely regarded as the place where the early ancient civilizations and cities sprang up. The double river system is believed …Mesopotamia, “the land between rivers,” (modern day Iraq) is the birthplace of the earliest civilizations on the planet. For millennia, the great ancient Mesopotamian civilizations each had their time to flourish and leave their mark on history. First, in the fourth millennium B.C.E., it was the non-Semitic Sumerians, who built Uruk, one of ...Nov 18, 2015 ... Go to channel · ASMR ~ Maps of the First Cities! Judea, Mesopotamia, Babylon, America, Persia ~ Soft Spoken. ASMR Geographica•2.3K views · 10:03.The earliest cities in history were in the ancient Near East, an area covering roughly that of the modern Middle East: ... Lower Mesopotamia Map of Mesopotamian cities in modern-day Iraq, Syria and Iran. Map of Mesopotamia. …The largest cities of the Bronze Age Near East housed several tens of thousands of people. Memphis in the Early Bronze Age , with some 30,000 inhabitants, was the largest city of the time by far. Ebla is estimated to have had a population of 40,000 inhabitants in the Intermediate Bronze age . [1]Well-chosen maps and images of artifacts bring the past to life. Aligned to Common Core Standards and correlated to state standards. Essential Library is an imprint of Abdo Publishing, a division of ABDO. eridu-the-history-and-legacy-of-the-oldest-city-in-ancient-mesopotamia 2 Downloaded from resources.caih.jhu.edu on 2019-03-16 by …

Overview. Mesopotamian civilizations formed on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is today Iraq and Kuwait. Early civilizations began to form around the time of the Neolithic Revolution—12000 BCE. Some of the major Mesopotamian civilizations include the Sumerian, Assyrian, Akkadian, and Babylonian civilizations.. Lincoln memorial university college of dental medicine

map of cities in mesopotamia

The Sumerians and Mesopotamia. The ancient Sumerians, the "black-headed ones," lived in the southern part of what is now Iraq. The heartland of Sumer lay between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, in what the Greeks later called Mesopotamia. This territory, once skillfully irrigated, proved very fertile, and major cities had long been in ...Mesopotamian religion, beliefs and practices of the Sumerians and Akkadians, and their successors, the Babylonians and Assyrians, who inhabited ancient Mesopotamia (now in Iraq) in the millennia before the Christian era.These religious beliefs and practices form a single stream of tradition. Sumerian in origin, Mesopotamian religion was added to and …Mesopotamia is one of the cradles of human civilization. Here, the earliest cities in world history appeared, about 3500 BCE. Timeline of Ancient Mesopotamian ...What is happening in Iraq in 1500BCE. Over the , kingdoms and empires have come and gone in Mesopotamia. The in world history appeared briefly under the fierce Sargon and his descendants (c. 2334 to 2218 BCE), and the (2112 to 2004 BCE) followed. The civilization of Ancient Mesopotamia entered a new phase with the reign of , king of … Map 1.3 "The Ancient Near East" [Map Caption:] "The region of the Near East between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, called Mesopotamia, is thought to be the birthplace of civilization--non-nomadic societies characterized by agriculture and cities. The civilizations of Mesopotamia are united by many common denominators: the land of the twin rivers—the Tigris and Euphrates—and the resources it possessed; the gods and god-desses that lorded over it; the cities—the world’s first—that rose and fell with their tow-ers and temples; the lawmakers and empire-Updated: June 6, 2023 | Original: December 7, 2017. Sumer was an ancient civilization founded in the Mesopotamia region of the Fertile Crescent situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers ...Review the map below showing the spread of cities in Mesopotamia, and then determine the accuracy of the following statement: urbanization spread from north to south in Mesopotamia, resulting in the southern Mesopotamian cities controlling the entire region by 2300 BCE.Explore the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia on Google My Maps. You can zoom in and out, view satellite images, and learn about the historical and cultural landmarks of this region. Mesopotamia ...Sajur. The Euphrates ( / juːˈfreɪtiːz / ⓘ yoo-FRAY-teez; see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia ( lit. 'the land between the rivers' ).The city of Agade itself has not so far been located, but it was probably founded before the time of Sargon (r. ca. 2340–2285 B.C.), the dynasty’s first king. Tradition credits Sargon with being the “cupbearer” of the king of Kish, at a time when Kish was an important and powerful city in the northern part of lower Mesopotamia.The exhibition covers three millennia, from the first cities in about 3200 BC to Alexander the Great's conquest of Babylon in 331 BC. Exhibition organized by ...In ancient times, many of the great cities of Mesopotamia stood on or near the Tigris, drawing water from it to irrigate the civilization of the Sumerians. Notable Tigris-side cities included Nineveh, Ctesiphon, and Seleucia, while the city of Lagash was irrigated by the Tigris via a canal dug around 2900 B.C. Navigation.

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